Malinow

Proteins that interact with AMPARs

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Song and Huganir 2002. Use of yeast two-hybrid method to identify AMPA-receptor-interacting proteins was crucial for the rapid progress in this field and has helped to identify a large complex of such proteins. AMPA-receptor-associated protein complex. AMPA receptors are associated with a large protein network. The GluR2 subunit specifically binds to several proteins, including glutamatereceptor- interacting protein (GRIP) 1, GRIP2, protein interacting with C kinase (PICK1) and N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF). GRIP1, GRIP2 and PICK1 in turn bind to other proteins, including GRIP-associated proteins (GRASPs), EphB receptor tyrosine kinases, ephrins, kinesin 5 (KIF5) and protein kinase Cα (PKCα). The GluR1 subunit binds to synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97, also known as hDLG) and protein 4.1 (4.1 N). All four AMPA-receptor subunits bind to neuronal activity regulated pentraxin (NARP) and stargazin. Stargazin binds, in turn, to the synaptic scaffolding protein postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95). These associated proteins appear to play an important role in the membrane trafficking of the receptors by escorting the receptor from the cell body to the synapse. In addition, this large complex might regulate novel downstream signal transduction pathways that emanate from the AMPA receptor. Abbreviations: CC, coiled-coil domain; GK, guanylate kinase domain; PDZ, PSD95/Dlg/ZO1 domain; SH3, SRC homology 3 domain.

Qdots

• Quantum Dots

• Qdot 655 Goat F(ab')2 Anti-Rabbit IgG Conjugate
• Qdot Color Visualizer

Getting a Qdot into the cell

1. Conjugate Qdot with secondary antibody fab
2. Incubate tissue with primary antibodies for AMPAR and PSD95
3. Puff Qdots onto cell body, these will bind the primary at AMPAR N-terminus
4. When AMPARs internalize the Qdot will be dragged into cell
5. Cleave N-terminus of AMPAR to liberate Qdot
6. Qdot can then bind the primary ligated to PSD95

Notes

• Molecular Methods
• FLASH technology
• Bredt
• minisog - gfp
• Acidic basic polypeptide recognition sequences
• Talk with nanotech group about various ways to conj. Qdots
• Nichol and England - couple Qdot to AMPAR agonist
• Have simulation be a competitive model where AMPARs are competing during LTP
• Quantitative review on synaptic numbers (Sheng)

PALM STORM

There are two major groups of methods for functional super-resolution microscopy:

1. Deterministic super-resolution: The most commonly used emitters in biological microscopy, fluorophores, show a nonlinear response to excitation, and this nonlinear response can be exploited to enhance resolution. These methods include STED, GSD, RESOLFT and SSIM.

2. Stochastical super-resolution PALM STORM: The chemical complexity of many molecular light sources gives them a complex temporal behaviour, which can be used to make several close-by fluorophores emit light at separate times and thereby become resolvable in time. These methods include SOFI and all single-molecule localization methods (SMLM) such as SPDM, SPDMphymod, PALM, FPALM, STORM and dSTORM.

NRSA

• Dominant negative PSD95