Qual Journals
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Tardin, Choquet et al. (2003)
Direct imaging of lateral movements of AMPA receptors inside synapses. The EMBO Journal, 22(18)
- Statements
Trafficking of AMPAR in and out of synapses is crucial for synaptic plasticity. Protocols that induce plasticity of synaptic transmission in culture result in changes of AMPAR concentration at synapses and are thought to mimic at the molecular level the processes of LTP and LTD.
Membrane trafficking may occur outside of the synapse and accumulate at the PSD after a short delay (Passafaro et al. 2001). Altogether, a unified picture of the postsynaptic density could be one where receptors are immobilized for transient periods of time related to the receptor-scaffold affinity. This could also be true of NMDA receptors (Tovar and Westbrook, 2002).
- Findings
Application of glutamate increased the diffusion rate of GluR2-containting AMPAR whereas a protocol designed to induce calcium influx (stimulation of NMDAR with glycine, glutamate) reduced the percentage of diffusible AMPARs at the PSD. Bath application of 100 uM glutamate caused an 85% increase in AMPAR endocytosis within 15 min (corresponding to a 22% drop in total membrane expression). Conversely , the calcium influx protocol (20 uM biccuculine, 1 uM strychnine, 200 uM glycine) caused a 59% increase in AMPAR membrane expression. Glutamate caused a 55% increase in AMPAR diffusion within synapses, but did not change diffusion outside synapses. Furthermore, glutamate decreased the number of completely immobile AMPARs by 30%. Interestingly, Glutamate causes endocytosis of AMPARs, and internal AMPARs are immobile. Therefore it seems like glutamate may be causing a general endocytotic episode at non-synaptic AMPARs, perhaps not even at the synapse that received the glutamate application. In a parallel effect, it was found that blocking calcium with BAPTA increased the % of mobile AMPARs. Newly inserted receptors were found to be initially diffusive and then stabilized at synaptic sites. In summary, they found that bath application of glutamate induces rapid depletion of AMPARs from PSDs increases synaptic diffusion rate, decreases % of completely immobile receptors, increases proportion of receptors in the area surrounding the synapse (juxtasynaptic region). Activation of NMDARs results in increased surface expression of AMPARs -- in the first few minutes there is mainly a decrease in the proportion of immobile synaptic receptors, but after 40 min, both diffusion rates and percentages of immobile synaptic receptors are back to control values and the proportion of juxtasynaptic receptors is decreased. This observation relates to the fate of newly exocytosed AMPARs: using cleavable extracellular tags, it was observed that at early times after exocytosis, new GluR1 containing AMPARs are diffusively distributed along dendrites. This is followed by their lateral translocation and accumulation into synapses (Passafaro et al., 2001). GluR2 subunits were addressed directly at synapses. In our experiments, we followed the movement of native GluR2 containing AMPARs, where the data suggests that at the level of synapses themselves, newly added receptors are initially diffusive and then stabilize over time.
AMPA receptors that lack edited GluA2 subunits have high single channel conductance, are permeable to Ca2+, are blocked by polyamines causing inward rectification at depolarized potentials.
- 100 uM glutamate - within 15 min
- 85% increase in AMPAR endocytosis
- 22% drop in total membrane expression
- 55% increase in AMPAR diffusion rate within synapses
- 0% increase in AMPAR diffusion rate outside synapses
- 30% decrease in completely immobile AMPAR at PSD
--
- Start: 100 AMPARs in PSD
- Usual endocytosis rate: -0.25% / min
- Add: 100 uM glutamate
- New endocytosis rate: -1.5% / min
- Time: 15 min
- Final: 77.5 AMPARs
- calcium influx protocol (20 uM biccuculine, 1 uM strychnine, 200 uM glycine)
- 59% increase in AMPAR expression
--
- Start: 100 AMPARs in PSD
- Usual endocytosis rate: -0.25% / min
- Add: NMDA antagonists above
- New exocytosis rate: +4% / min
- Time: 15 min
- Final: 160 AMPARs
Rao-Ruiz, Spijker, et al.
Retrieval-specific endocytosis of GluA2-AMPARs underlies adaptive reconsolidation of contextual fear
A consolidated memory returns to a transient destabilized state shortly after reactivation, necessitating a dynamic time-dependent process of reconsolidation to persist further. During this reconstruction, a memory is labile and subject to change. In general, a memory-recall causes internalization of AMPAR at activate synapses for ~2 hours. Then AMPAR repopulate these synapses and return to baseline levels, and sometimes even higher levels.
- GROUPS
- NS: No Shock
- US: Shock
- NR: No Retrieval (24h later)
- R: Retrieval (24h later)
Tissue collected 1 h after retrieval for western blot and ephys
RESULTS
Down-regulation of all AMPAR subtypes and smaller mEPSC amplitudes 1 h after retrieval. Increase at 7 h.
Start at 100% baseline expression
- Post-Recall: 1 h 4 h 7 h
- GluR1 70% 100% 100%
- GluR2 85% 85% 130%
- GluR3 50% 50% 100%
Blocking GluR2 internalization with 3Y peptide (3A is a control peptide) 1 h before or 1 h after recall prevented a subsequent GluR2 increase at 7 hours. The narrow decay time found at 7 hours in 3A controls suggests that synapses are composed more of GluR2 than GluR1 or GluR3 receptors which are permeable to calcium. Furthermore, 3Y increased fear memory when tested 2 h (RT2) after a recall event (RT1) or 24 h (RT3) after recall.
- Start at 100% baseline expression
- Post-Recall: 1 h 4 h 7 h
- GluR1 70% 100% 100%
- GluR2 85% 85% 130%
- GluR3 50% 50% 100%