Molecular Memory: Difference between revisions

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{{#tree:id=ConnectomeTree|openlevels=2|root=ConnectomeTree|
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*[[Cerebral Cortex]]
*[[Ligand-gated ion channels]]
**[[Isocortex]]
**[[AMPA receptors]]
***[[Frontal Pole]]
**[[NMDA receptors]]
***[[Somatomotor Area]]
**[[5-HT3 receptors]]
***[[Somatosensory Area]]
**[[GABA receptors]]
***[[Infralimbic Area]]
**[[Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors]]
***[[Gustatory Area]]
*[[Voltage-gated ion channels]]
***[[Visceral Area]]
**[[Calcium-activated potassium channels]]
***[[Anterior Cingulate]]
**[[CatSper and Two-Pore channels]]
***[[Prelimbic Area]]
**[[Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels]]
***[[Orbital Area]]
**[[Inwardly rectifying potassium channels]]
***[[Agranular Insular Area]]
**[[Transient Receptor Potential channels]]
***[[Retrosplenial Area]]
**[[Two-P potassium channels]]
***[[Posterior Parietal Association Area]]
**[[Voltage-gated calcium channels]]
***[[Temporal Association Area]]
**[[Voltage-gated potassium channels]]
***[[Perirhinal Area]]
**[[Voltage-gated sodium channels]]
***[[Ectorhinal Area]]
*[[Nucleosides]]
***[[Olfactory System]]
**[[cAMP]]
**[[Hippocampal Formation]]
*[[Synaptic Kinases]]
***[[Hippocampus]]
**[[PKA]]
****[[CA1]]
**[[CaMKII]]
****[[CA2]]
*[[Transcription Factors]]
****[[CA3]]
**[[CREB]]
****[[Dentate Gyrus]]
*[[Promoter Genes]]
****[[Fasciola Cinerea]]
**[[CRE]]
****[[Induseum Griseum]]
**[[SARE]]
***[[Retrohippocampal Area]]
*[[Immediate Early Genes]]
****[[Entorhinal Area]]
**[[cfos]]
****[[Parasubiculum]]
**[[zif]]
****[[Postsubiculum]]
**[[Arc]]
****[[Presubiculum]]
*[[G protein-coupled receptors]]
****[[Subiculum]]
**[[5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors]]
**[[Claustrum]]
**[[Acetylcholine receptors]] (muscarinic)
**[[Endopiriform Nucleus]]
**[[Adenosine receptors]]
**[[Amygdala]]
**[[Adrenoceptors]]
*[[Cerebral Nuclei]]
**[[Angiotensin receptors]]
**[[Striatum]]
**[[Apelin receptor]]
**[[Pallidum]]
**[[Bile acid receptor]]
***[[Globus Pallidus]]
**[[Bombesin receptors]]
***[[Substantia Innominata]]
**[[Bradykinin receptors]]
***[[Magnocellular Nucleus]]
**[[Calcitonin receptors]]
***[[Medial Septal Complex]]
**[[Calcium-sensing receptors]]
***[[Triangular Nucleus]]
**[[Cannabinoid receptors]]
***[[Bed Nucleus]]
**[[Chemerin receptor]]
*[[Cerebellum]]
**[[Chemokine receptors]]
**[[Cerebellar Cortex]]
**[[Cholecystokinin receptors]]
**[[Cerebellar Nuclei]]
**[[Complement peptide receptors]]
*[[Brain Stem]]
**[[Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors]]
**[[Thalamus]]
**[[Dopamine receptors]]
***Sensory-Motor Thalamus
**[[Endothelin receptors]]
****[[Ventral Dorsal Thalamus]]
**[[Estrogen (G protein-coupled) receptor]]
****[[Subparafascicular Nucleus]]
**[[Formylpeptide receptors]]
****[[Peripeduncular Nucleus]]
**[[Free fatty acid receptors]]
****[[Geniculate Group]]
**[[Frizzleds]]
***Polymodal Thalamus
**[[GABAB receptors]]
****[[Dorsal Polymodal Thalamus]]
**[[Galanin receptors]]
****[[Intralaminar Nuclei of the Thalamus]]
**[[Ghrelin receptor]]
****[[Reticular Nucleus of the Thalamus]]
**[[Glucagon receptor family]]
****[[Geniculate Thalamus]]
**[[Glycoprotein hormone receptors]]
****[[Epithalamus]]
**[[Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptors]]
*****[[Habenula]]
**[[Histamine receptors]]
**[[Hypothalamus]]
**[[Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors]]
***[[Periventricular Zone]]
**[[Kisspeptin receptor]]
***[[Hypothalamic Zone]]
**[[Leukotriene receptors]]
**Midbrain Structures
**[[Lysophospholipid (LPA) receptors]]
***[[Superior Colliculus]]
**[[Lysophospholipid (S1P) receptors]]
***[[Inferior Colliculus]]
**[[Melanin-concentrating hormone receptors]]
***[[Brachium Nucleus]]
**[[Melanocortin receptors]]
***[[Nucleus Sagulum]]
**[[Melatonin receptors]]
***[[Parabigeminal Nucleus]]
**[[Metabotropic glutamate receptors]]
***[[Midbrain Trigeminal Nucleus]]
**[[Motilin receptor]]
***[[Substantia Nigra]]
**[[Neuromedin U receptors]]
***[[Tegmental Area]]
**[[Neuropeptide FF/neuropeptide AF receptors]]
***[[Midbrain Reticular Nucleus]]
**[[Neuropeptide S receptor]]
***[[Periaqueductal Grey Area]]
**[[Neuropeptide W/neuropeptide B receptors]]
***[[Pretectal Region]]
**[[Neuropeptide Y receptors]]
***[[Cuneiform Nucleus]]
**[[Neurotensin receptors]]
***[[Red Nucleus]]
**[[Opioid receptors]]
***[[Oculomotor Nucleus]]
**[[Orexin receptors]]
***[[Edinger-Westphal Nucleus]]
**[[Oxoglutarate receptor]]
***[[Trochlear Nucleus]]
**[[P2Y receptors]]
***[[Substantia Nigra]]
**[[Parathyroid hormone receptors]]
***[[Pedunculopontine Nucleus]]
**[[Peptide P518 receptor]]
***[[Midbrain Raphe Nuclei]]
**[[Platelet-activating factor receptor]]
**[[Pons]]
**[[Prokineticin receptors]]
**[[Medulla]]
**[[Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor]]
**[[Prostanoid receptors]]
**[[Protease-activated receptors]]
**[[Relaxin family peptide receptors]]
**[[Somatostatin receptors]]
**[[Succinate receptor]]
**[[Tachykinin receptors]]
**[[Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors]]
**[[Trace amine receptor]]
**[[Urotensin receptor]]
**[[Vasopressin and oxytocin receptors]]
**[[VIP and PACAP receptors]]
**[[Taste 1 receptors]]
*[[Nuclear Hormone Receptors]]
**[[1A. Thyroid Hormone receptors]]
**[[1B. Retinoic acid receptors]]
**[[1C. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors]]
**[[1D. Rev-Erb receptors]]
**[[1F. RAR-related orphan receptors]]
**[[1H. Liver X receptor]]-like receptors]]
**[[1I. Vitamin D receptor]]-like receptors]]
**[[2A. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 receptors]]
**[[2B. Retinoid X receptors]]
**[[2C. Testicular receptors]]
**[[2E. Tailless-like receptors]]
**[[2F. COUP-TF-like receptors]]
**[[3A. Estrogen receptors]]
**[[3B. Estrogen-related receptors]]
**[[3C. 3-Ketosteroid receptors]]
**[[4A. Nerve growth factor IB-like receptors]]
**[[5A. Fushi tarazu F1-like receptors]]
**[[6A. Germ cell nuclear factor receptors]]
**[[0B. DAX-like receptors]]
*[[Receptor Kinases]]
**[[Other protein kinases]]
**[[TK: Tyrosine kinase]]
**[[TKL: Tyrosine kinase-like]]
}}
}}
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<span class="wpImageAnnotatorPageName" style="display:none;">Connectome</span>
<span class="wpImageAnnotatorPageName" style="display:none;">Molecular Memory</span>
<span class="wpImageAnnotatorFullName" style="display:none;">Connectome</span>
<span class="wpImageAnnotatorFullName" style="display:none;">Molecular Memory</span>
<div class="wpImageAnnotatorFile">[[File:Brainatlas9.jpg|800px]]</div>
<div class="wpImageAnnotatorFile">[[File:Arc.png|800px]]</div>
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HPF - [[Hippocampus| Hippocampal Formation]]
[[Arc]], for activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (also known as Arg3.1), is a plasticity protein first characterized in 1995. Arc is a member of the immediate-early gene (IEG) family, a rapidly activated class of genes functionally defined by their ability to be transcribed in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. Arc mRNA is localized to activated synaptic sites in an NMDA receptor-dependent manner, where the newly translated protein is believed to play a critical role in learning and memory-related molecular processes. Arc is widely considered to be an important protein in neurobiology because of its activity regulation, localization, and utility as a marker for plastic changes in the brain. Along with other IEGs such as zif268 and Homer 1a, Arc is also a significant tool for systems neuroscience as illustrated by the development of the cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization, or catFISH technique (see fluorescent in situ hybridization).
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[[Cyclic AMP]] or [[cAMP]] works by activating protein kinase A (PKA, cAMP-dependent protein kinase). PKA is normally inactive as a tetrameric holoenzyme, consisting of two catalytic and two regulatory units (C2R2), with the regulatory units blocking the catalytic centers of the catalytic units. Cyclic AMP binds to specific locations on the regulatory units of the protein kinase, and causes dissociation between the regulatory and catalytic subunits, thus activating the catalytic units and enabling them to phosphorylate substrate proteins.
There are some minor PKA-independent functions of cAMP, e.g., activation of calcium channels, providing a minor pathway by which growth hormone-releasing hormone causes a release of growth hormone.
{{ImageNoteEnd|id=2}}
{{ImageNote|id=3|x=642|y=404|w=57|h=42|dimx=1584|dimy=1584|style=2}}
[[PKA]] or [[Protein Kinase A]]
1. concentration of cAMP rises (e.g., activation of adenylate cyclase via GPCR-Gs)
2. cAMP molecules bind and release each PKA regulatory subunit.
3. catalytic subunits phosphorylate Ser and Thr residues
4. PKA can directly activate CREB, which binds CRE, altering the transcription
{{ImageNoteEnd|id=3}}
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[[CaMKII]] -- Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II are serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that are regulated by the calmodulin complex. CaMKII phosphorylates AMPA receptors at the P2 serine 831 site. This increases channel conductance of GluA1 subunits of AMPA receptors.
CaMKII has also been shown to aid in the process of AMPA receptor exocytosis. CaMKII activity leads to endosomal docking at the membrane.
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{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
  |-
  |-
  |<!--Col1--><center>[[File:Brainatlas1.jpg|95px|link=Connectome1]]</center>
  |<!--Col1--><center>[[File:LTP1.png|95px|link=Connectome1]]</center>
  |<!--Col2--><center>[[File:Brainatlas2.jpg|95px|link=Connectome2]]</center>
  |<!--Col2--><center>[[File:LTP2.png|95px|link=Connectome2]]</center>
  |<!--Col3--><center>[[File:Brainatlas3.jpg|95px|link=Connectome3]]</center>
  |<!--Col3--><center>[[File:PICK1.png|95px|link=Connectome3]]</center>
  |<!--Col1--><center>[[File:Brainatlas4.jpg|95px|link=Connectome4]]</center>
  |<!--Col1--><center>[[File:PKA1.png|95px|link=Connectome4]]</center>
  |<!--Col2--><center>[[File:Brainatlas6.jpg|95px|link=Connectome6]]</center>
  |<!--Col2--><center>[[File:LTP.png|95px|link=Connectome6]]</center>
  |<!--Col3--><center>[[File:Brainatlas8.jpg|95px|link=Connectome8]]</center>
  |<!--Col3--><center>[[File:Brainatlas8.jpg|95px|link=Connectome8]]</center>
  |<!--Col1--><center>[[File:Brainatlas9.jpg|95px|link=Connectome9]]</center>
  |<!--Col1--><center>[[File:Brainatlas9.jpg|95px|link=Connectome9]]</center>
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  |<!--Col1--><center><small>[[Connectome15]]</small></center>
  |<!--Col1--><center><small>[[Connectome15]]</small></center>
  |}
  |}
==PAGES==
*[[Molecular Pathways]]
*[[LTP]]
[[Category:Pathways]]

Latest revision as of 18:56, 28 April 2013

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